Unified systems and methods for controlling use and operation of a family of different treatment devices

ABSTRACT

Unified systems and methods enable control of the use and operation of a family of different treatment devices, to treat dysfunction in different regions of the body.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of co-pending U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 10/212,311, filed Aug. 5, 2002, which is a continuation ofco-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/639,910, filed Aug. 16,2000, now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 09/305,123, filed May 4, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No.6,358,245, and which is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 09/574,704, filed May 18, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No.6,464,689.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

In a general sense, the invention is directed to systems and methods fortreating interior tissue regions of the body. More specifically, theinvention is directed to systems and methods for treating dysfunction inbody sphincters and adjoining tissue.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract, also called the alimentary canal, is along tube through which food is taken into the body and digested. Thealimentary canal begins at the mouth, and includes the pharynx,esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. In humanbeings, this passage is about 30 feet (9 meters) long.

Small, ring-like muscles, called sphincters, surround portions of thealimentary canal. In a healthy person, these muscles contract or tightenin a coordinated fashion during eating and the ensuing digestiveprocess, to temporarily close off one region of the alimentary canalfrom another region of the alimentary canal.

For example, a muscular ring called the lower esophageal sphincter (orLES) surrounds the opening between the esophagus and the stomach.Normally, the lower esophageal sphincter maintains a high-pressure zonebetween fifteen and thirty mm Hg above intragastric pressures inside thestomach.

In the rectum, two muscular rings, called the internal and externalsphincter muscles, normally keep fecal material from leaving the analcanal. The external sphincter muscle is a voluntary muscle, and theinternal sphincter muscle is an involuntary muscle. Together, byvoluntary and involuntary action, these muscles normally contract tokeep fecal material in the anal canal.

Dysfunction of a sphincter in the body can lead to internal damage ordisease, discomfort, or otherwise adversely affect the quality of life.For example, if the lower esophageal sphincter fails to functionproperly, stomach acid may rise back into the esophagus. Heartburn orother disease symptoms, including damage to the esophagus, can occur.Gastrointestinal reflux disease (GERD) is a common disorder,characterized by spontaneous relaxation of the lower esophagealsphincter.

Damage to the external or internal sphincter muscles in the rectum cancause these sphincters to dysfunction or otherwise lose their tone, suchthat they can no longer sustain the essential fecal holding action.Fecal incontinence results, as fecal material can descend through theanal canal without warning, stimulating the sudden urge to defecate. Thephysical effects of fecal incontinence (i.e., the loss of normal controlof the bowels and gas, liquid, and solid stool leakage from the rectumat unexpected times) can also cause embarrassment, shame, and a loss ofconfidence, and can further lead to mental depression.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides unified systems and methods for controlling useand operation of a family of different treatment devices.

One aspect of the invention provides systems and method for controllingoperation of a family of treatment devices comprising at least first andsecond different treatment devices. In use, the different treatmentdevices are intended to be individually deployed in association withdifferent tissue regions. According to this aspect of the invention, thesystems and methods make use of a single, unified controller to which aselected one of the first or second treatment device is coupled for use.A reader downloads information to the controller to identify theselected treatment device that is coupled to the connector. Thecontroller enables a first control function when the reader identifiesthe first treatment device as the selected treatment device. Thecontroller enables a second control function when the reader identifiesthe second treatment device as the selected treatment device.

The single, unified controller further includes an operating system toexecute on a display screen different graphical interfaces, eachtailored to the configuration and treatment objectives of the particulartreatment device selected for use. A first graphical interface tailoredfor the first treatment device is executed when the first controlfunction is enabled. A second graphical interface tailored for thesecond treatment device and different, at least in part, from the firstgraphical interface, is executed when the second control function isenabled.

The single, unified controller thereby makes possible the treatment ofdifferent regions of the body by different treatment devices.

Another aspect of the invention provides systems and methods forcontrolling operation of a treatment device. The systems and methodsconfirm by different mechanisms the identity of the treatment deviceintended to be used, before enabling such use. In one embodiment, thesystems and methods provide a usage key card for the treatment device.The usage key card is adapted to be handled separate from the treatmentdevice. The usage key card contains a storage medium formatted tocontain an identification code that identifies the treatment device. Theidentification code is communicated by a reader to a controller to whichthe treatment device is coupled for use. The systems and methods alsoprovide an electrical identification signal that is communicated by thetreatment device itself to the controller when the treatment device iscoupled to the controller for use. Before enabling use of the treatmentdevice, the systems and methods cross-check the identity of thetreatment device based upon the identification code and based upon theelectrical identification signal. The systems and methods enable use ofthe treatment device only when the identity of the treatment devicebased upon identification code and the electrical identification signalcorresponds. The systems and methods thereby provide a failsafe meansfor identifying the treatment device, using both software (i.e., theidentification code on the usage key card) and hardware (i.e., theelectrical identification signal provided by the device itself).

Features and advantages of the inventions are set forth in the followingDescription and Drawings, as well as in the appended Claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of a unified system usable in associationwith a family of different treatment devices for treating bodysphincters and adjoining tissue regions in different regions of thebody, which embodies features of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view, with portions broken away, of one type oftreatment device usable in association with the system shown in FIG. 1to treat tissue in the upper gastro-intestinal tract, the treatmentdevice having an operative element for contacting tissue shown in acollapsed condition;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view, with portions broken away, of the deviceshown in FIG. 2, with the operative element shown in an expandedcondition;

FIG. 4 is a perspective view, with portions broken away, of the deviceshown in FIG. 2, with the operative element shown in an expandedcondition and the electrodes extended for use;

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of another type of treatment device usablein association with the system shown in FIG. 1 to treat tissue in thelower gastro-intestinal tract, the treatment device having an array ofelectrodes shown in a retracted position;

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the device shown in FIG. 5, with thearray of electrodes shown in their extended position;

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a kit containing a device, such as shownin FIGS. 2 or 5, and a usage key card;

FIG. 8 is an enlarged, mainly schematic view of the usage key card shownin FIG. 7, embodied as a floppy disk, and also showing the pre-formattedfiles it contains;

FIG. 9 is a schematic view of a controller, which the system shown inFIG. 1 incorporates, showing the pre-programmed rules by whichinformation contained on the usage key card shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 isread and processed;

FIG. 10 is a schematic view of another processing device that readsinformation from the usage key card shown in FIG. 7, for furtherprocessing;

FIGS. 11A and 11B are, respectively, left and right perspective views ofone embodiment of an integrated device incorporating features of thesystem shown in FIG. 1 and usable with either treatment device shown inFIG. 2 or 5 for treating body sphincters and adjoining tissue regions,and also having a graphical user interface;

FIG. 12 is a front view of the device shown in FIGS. 11A and 11B showingthe components of the graphical user interface;

FIG. 13 is a flow chart showing further details of the pre-programmedrules by which information contained on the usage key card shown inFIGS. 7 and 8 is read and processed to set up use of a selectedtreatment device with the device shown in FIGS. 11A, 11B, and 12;

FIG. 14 is a representative SETUP display that can be implemented by thegraphical user interface of the device shown in FIGS. 11A, 11B, and 12,following the pre-programmed rules shown in FIG. 13, as part ofmonitoring and controlling the use of a selected treatment device;

FIG. 15 is a flow chart showing further details of the pre-programmedrules implemented in concert with the pre-programmed rules shown in FIG.13, by which information contained on the usage key card and provided bya selected treatment device is read and processed to enable use of theselected treatment device in association with the device shown in FIGS.11A, 11B, and 12;

FIG. 16 is a representative EXCHANGE display that can be implemented bythe graphical user interface of the device shown in FIGS. 11A, 11B, and12, following the pre-programmed rules shown in FIGS. 13 and 15, as partof monitoring and controlling the use of a selected treatment device;

FIGS. 17 to 24 are views of a graphical user interface that can beimplement by the device shown in FIGS. 11A, 11B, and 12, for controllingthe use and operation of the treatment device shown in FIGS. 2 to 4;

FIGS. 25 to 30 are views of a graphical user interface that can beimplement by the device shown in FIGS. 11A, 11B, and 12, for controllingthe use and operation of the treatment device shown in FIGS. 5 and 6;

FIGS. 31 and 32 are side views, with portions broken away and insection, showing deployment of the treatment device shown in FIGS. 2 to4 in the upper gastro-intestinal tract to treat dysfunction of the loweresophageal sphincter; and

FIG. 33 is a side view, with portions broken away and in section,showing deployment of the treatment device shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 in thelower gastro-intestinal tract to treat sphincter dysfunction in the analcanal.

The invention may be embodied in several forms without departing fromits spirit or essential characteristics. The scope of the invention isdefined in the appended claims, rather than in the specific descriptionpreceding them. All embodiments that fall within the meaning and rangeof equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced bythe claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

This Specification discloses various systems and methods for treatingdysfunction of sphincters and adjoining tissue regions in the body. Thesystems and methods are particularly well suited for treating thesedysfunctions in the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract, e.g.,gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) affecting the lower esophagealsphincter and adjacent cardia of the stomach, or fecal incontinenceaffecting the internal and external sphincters of the anal canal. Forthis reason, the systems and methods will be described in this context.

Still, it should be appreciated that the disclosed systems and methodsare applicable for use in treating other dysfunctions elsewhere in thebody, and dysfunctions that are not necessarily sphincter-related. Forexample, the various aspects of the invention have application inprocedures requiring treatment of hemorrhoids, or urinary incontinence,or restoring compliance to or otherwise tightening interior tissue ormuscle regions. The systems and methods that embody features of theinvention are also adaptable for use with systems and surgicaltechniques that catheter-based and not necessarily catheter-based.

I. Overview of the System

FIG. 1 shows a unified system 24 for diagnosing and/or treatingdysfunction of sphincters and adjoining tissue in different regions ofthe body. In the illustrated embodiment, the system 24 is configured todiagnose and treat dysfunction in at least two distinct sphincterregions within the body.

The targeted sphincter regions can vary. In the illustrated embodiment,one region comprises the upper gastrointestinal tract, e.g., the loweresophageal sphincter and adjacent cardia of the stomach. The secondregion comprises the lower gastrointestinal tract, e.g., in theintestines, rectum and anal canal.

The system 24 includes a family of treatment devices 26 a and 26 b. Eachdevice 26 a and 26 b can be specifically configured according to thephysiology and anatomy of the particular sphincter region which it isintended to treat. The details of construction of each device 26 a and26 b will be generally described later for purposes of illustration, butare not material to the invention.

Each device 26 a/26 b carries an operative element 36 a and 36 b. Theoperative element 36 a and 36 b can be differently configured accordingto the physiology and anatomy of the particular sphincter region whichit is intended to treated. Still, if the anatomy and physiology of thetwo treatment regions are the same or similar enough, the configurationof the operative elements 36a and 36 b can be same or essentially thesame.

In the illustrated embodiment, the operative elements 36 a and 36 bfunction in the system 10 to apply energy in a selective fashion totissue in or adjoining the targeted sphincter region. The applied energycreates one or more lesions, or a prescribed pattern of lesions, belowthe surface of the targeted region. The subsurface lesions are desirablyformed in a manner that preserves and protects the surface againstthermal damage.

Natural healing of the subsurface lesions leads to a physical tighteningof the targeted tissue. The subsurface lesions can also result in theinterruption of aberrant electrical pathways that may cause spontaneoussphincter relaxation. In any event, the treatment can restore normalclosure function to the sphincter region 18.

The system 24 includes a generator 38 to supply the treatment energy tothe operative element 36 a/36 b of the device 26 a/26 b selected foruse. In the illustrated embodiment, the generator 38 supplies radiofrequency energy, e.g., having a frequency in the range of about 400 kHzto about 10 mHz. Of course, other forms of energy can be applied, e.g.,coherent or incoherent light; heated or cooled fluid; resistive heating;microwave; ultrasound; a tissue ablation fluid; or cryogenic fluid.

A selected device 26 a/26 b can be individually coupled to the generator38 via a cable 10 to convey the generated energy to the respectiveoperative element 36 a/36 b.

The system 24 preferably also includes certain auxiliary processingequipment. In the illustrated embodiment, the processing equipmentcomprises an external fluid delivery apparatus 44 and an externalaspirating apparatus 46.

A selected device 26 a/26 b can be connected via tubing 12 to the fluiddelivery apparatus 44, to convey processing fluid for discharge by ornear the operative element 36 a/36 b. A selected device 26 a/26 b canalso be connected via tubing 14 to the aspirating apparatus 46, toconvey aspirated material from or near from the operative element 36a/36 b for discharge.

The system 24 also includes a controller 52. The controller 52, whichpreferably includes a central processing unit (CPU), is linked to thegenerator 38, the fluid delivery apparatus 44, and the aspiratingapparatus 46. Alternatively, the aspirating apparatus 46 can comprise aconventional vacuum source typically present in a physician's suite,which operates continuously, independent of the controller 52.

The controller 52 governs the power levels, cycles, and duration thatthe radio frequency energy is distributed to the particular operativeelement 36 a/36 b, to achieve and maintain power levels appropriate toachieve the desired treatment objectives. In tandem, the controller 52also desirably governs the delivery of processing fluid and, if desired,the removal of aspirated material.

The controller 52 includes an input/output (I/O) device 54. The I/Odevice 54 allows the physician to input control and processingvariables, to enable the controller to generate appropriate commandsignals. The I/O device 54 also receives real time processing feedbackinformation from one or more sensors associated with the operativeelement (as will be described later), for processing by the controller52, e.g., to govern the application of energy and the delivery ofprocessing fluid.

The I/O device 54 also includes a graphical user interface (GUI), tographically present processing information to the physician for viewingor analysis. Further details regarding the GUI will be provided later.

II. The Treatment Devices The structure of the operative element 36 canvary. Various representative embodiments will be described.

A. For Treatment of Upper Gastro-Intestinal Tract

FIGS. 2 to 4 show a catheter-based device 26 a for treating sphincterregions in the upper gastro-intestinal tract, and more particularly, thelower esophageal sphincter and adjoining cardia of the stomach to treatGERD. In the embodiment shown, the device 26 a includes a flexiblecatheter tube 30 that carries a handle 28 at its proximal end. Thedistal end of the catheter tube 30 carries the operative element 36 a.

In the illustrated embodiment, the operative element 36 a comprises athree-dimensional basket 56. The basket 56 includes one or more spines58, and typically includes from four to eight spines 58, which areassembled together by a distal hub 60 and a proximal base 62.

In the illustrated embodiment, an expandable structure 72 comprising aballoon is located within the basket 56. The balloon structure 72 can bemade, e.g., from a Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) material, or apolyamide (non-compliant) material, or a radiation cross-linkedpolyethylene (semi-compliant) material, or a latex material, or asilicone material, or a C-Flex (highly compliant) material.

The balloon structure 72 presents a normally, generally collapsedcondition, as FIG. 2 shows. In this condition, the basket 56 is alsonormally collapsed about the balloon structure 72, presenting a lowprofile for deployment into the esophagus.

A catheter tube 30 includes an interior lumen, which communicates withthe interior of the balloon structure 72. A fitting 76 (e.g., asyringe-activated check valve) is carried by the handle 28. The fitting76 communicates with the lumen. The fitting 76 couples the lumen to asyringe 78 (see FIG. 3). The syringe 78 injects fluid under pressurethrough the lumen into the balloon structure 72, causing its expansion.

Expansion of the balloon structure 72 urges the basket 56 to open andexpand (see FIG. 3). The force exerted by the balloon structure 72, whenexpanded, is sufficient to exert an opening or dilating force upon thetissue surrounding the basket 56 (see FIG. 31).

Each spine 58 carries an electrode 66 (see FIG. 4). In the illustratedembodiment, each electrode 66 is carried within the tubular spine 58 forsliding movement. Each electrode 66 slides from a retracted position,withdrawn in the spine 58 (shown in FIG. 3) and an extended position,extending outward from the spine 58 (see FIG. 4) through a hole in thespine 58. A push-pull lever 68 on the handle 28 is coupled by one ormore interior wires to the sliding electrodes 66. The lever 68 controlsmovement electrodes between the retracted position (by pulling rearwardon the lever 68) and the extended position (by pushing forward on thelever 68).

The electrodes 66 have sufficient distal sharpness and strength, whenextended, to penetrate a desired depth into tissue the smooth muscle ofthe lower esophageal sphincter 18 or the cardia of the stomach 16 (seeFIG. 32). The desired depth can range from about 4 mm to about 5 mm.

The electrodes 66 are formed of material that conducts radio frequencyenergy, e.g., nickel titanium, stainless steel, e.g., 304 stainlesssteel, or a combination of nickel titanium and stainless steel.

In the illustrated embodiment (see FIG. 4), an electrical insulatingmaterial 70 is coated about the proximal end of each electrode 66. Whenthe distal end of the electrode 66 penetrating the smooth muscle of theesophageal sphincter 18 or cardia 20 transmits radio frequency energy,the material 70 insulates the mucosal surface of the esophagus 10 orcardia 20 from direct exposure to the radio frequency energy. Thermaldamage to the mucosal surface is thereby avoided. The mucosal surfacecan also be actively cooled during application of radio frequencyenergy, to further protect the mucosal surface from thermal damage.

In the illustrated embodiment (see FIG. 4), at least one temperaturesensor 80 is associated with each electrode. One temperature sensor 80senses temperature conditions near the exposed distal end of theelectrode 66, a second temperature sensor 80 is located on thecorresponding spine 58, which rests against the mucosal surface when theballoon structure 72 is inflated.

The external fluid delivery apparatus 44 is coupled via tubing 12 (seeFIG. 1) to connector 48 (see FIG. 4), to supply cooling liquid to thetargeted tissue, e.g., through holes in the spines. The externalaspirating apparatus 46 is coupled via tubing 14 (see FIG. 1) toconnector 50 (see FIG. 4), to convey liquid from the targeted tissuesite, e.g., through other holes in the spine or elsewhere on the basket56. The controller 52 can govern the delivery of processing fluid and,if desired, the removal of aspirated material.

The controller 52 can condition the electrodes 66 to operate in amonopolar mode. In this mode, each electrode 66 serves as a transmitterof energy, and an indifferent patch electrode (described later) servesas a common return for all electrodes 66. Alternatively, the controller52 can condition the electrodes 66 to operate in a bipolar mode. In thismode, one of the electrodes comprises the transmitter and an otherelectrode comprises the return for the transmitted energy. The bipolarelectrode pairs can electrodes 66 on adjacent spines, or electrodes 66spaced more widely apart on different spines.

Further details of the construction and use of the device 26 a and otherdevices intended to be deployed to treat sphincter regions in the uppergastro-intestinal tract are disclosed in copending U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 09/305,123, filed May 4, 1999, and entitled“Graphical User Interface for Association with an Electrode StructureDeployed in Contact with a Tissue Region,” which is incorporated hereinby reference.

B. For Treatment of Lower Gastro-Intestinal Tract

FIGS. 5 and 6 show a representative embodiment for device 26 b, whichtakes the form of a hand manipulated device 302 for treating sphincterregions in the lower gastro-intestinal tract, and more particularly, theinternal and/or external sphincter muscles in the anal canal to treatfecal incontinence. The device 302 includes a hand grip 304 that carriesthe operative element 36 b.

In the illustrated embodiment, the operative element 36 b takes the formof a hollow, tubular barrel 306 made from a transparent, molded plasticmaterial. The barrel 306 terminates with a blunt, rounded distal end 308to aid passage of the barrel 306 through the anal canal, without needfor a separate introducer. The hand grip 304 includes a viewing port 312for looking into the transparent, hollow interior of the barrel 306, tovisualize surrounding tissue.

An array of needle electrodes 316 are movably contained in aside-by-side relationship along an arcuate segment of the barrel 306. Inthe illustrated embodiment, the needle electrodes 316 occupy an arc ofabout 67.5 degrees on the barrel 306. The needle electrodes 316 aremechanically linked to a finger-operated pull lever 318 on the hand grip304. By operation of the pull lever 318, the distal ends of the needleelectrodes 316 are moved between a retracted position (FIG. 5) and anextended position (FIG. 6). An electrical insulating material 344 iscoated about the needle electrodes 316 (see FIG. 6), except for aprescribed region of the distal ends, where radio frequency energy isapplied to tissue. The generator 38 is coupled via the cable 10 to aconnector 352, to convey radio frequency energy to the electrodes 316.

In use (see FIG. 33), the physician grasps the hand grip 304 and guidesthe barrel 306 into the anal canal 320. The pull lever 318 is in theneutral position and not depressed, so the needle electrodes 316 occupytheir normal retracted position. Looking through the viewing port 312,the physician visualizes the pectinate (dentate) line through the barrel306. Looking through the barrel 306, the physician positions the distalends of the needle electrodes 316 at a desired location above thepectinate (dentate) line. A fiberoptic can also be inserted into thebarrel 306 to provide local illumination, or the physician can wear aheadlamp for this purpose. Once the distal end of the barrel 306 islocated at the targeted site, the physician depresses the pull lever 318(as FIG. 33 shows). The needle electrodes 316 advance to their extendedpositions. The distal ends of the electrodes 316 pierce and pass throughthe mucosal tissue into the muscle tissue of the target sphinctermuscle. In FIG. 33, the distal end of the electrodes 316 are shownpenetrating the involuntary, internal sphincter muscle 322. Thephysician commands the controller 52 to apply radio frequency energythrough the needle electrodes 316. The energy can be appliedsimultaneously by all electrodes 316, or in any desired sequence.

The external fluid delivery apparatus 44 is coupled via tubing 12 to aconnector 348 to convey a cooling liquid, e.g., through holes in thebarrel 306, to contact tissue at a localized position surrounding theelectrodes 316. The external aspirating apparatus 46 is coupled viatubing 14 to a connector 350 to convey liquid from the targeted tissuesite, e.g., through an aspiration port 358 in the distal end 308 of thebarrel 306 (see FIGS. 5 and 6).

The barrel 306 (see FIG. 6) also preferably carries temperature sensor364, one of which is associated with each needle electrode 316. Thesensors 364 sense tissue temperature conditions in the region adjacentto each needle electrode 316. Preferably, the distal end of each needleelectrode 316 also carries a temperature sensor 372 (see FIG. 6).

Further details of the construction and use of the device 26 b and otherdevices that can be deployed to treat sphincter regions in the lowergastro-intestinal tract are disclosed in copending U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 09/305,123, filed Apr. 21, 2000, and entitled“Systems and Methods for Treating Dysfunctions in the Intestines andRectum,” which is incorporated herein by reference.

III. Monitoring and Controlling Use of the Devices

Each device 26 a and 26 b preferably forms an integrated constructionintended for a single use and subsequent disposal as a unit. To protectpatients from the potential adverse consequences occasioned by multipleuse, which include disease transmission, or material stress andinstability, or decreased or unpredictable performance, the controller52 includes a module 64 that controls use of each device 26 a and 26 b.

In the illustrated embodiment (see FIG. 7), each device 26 a/26 b issupplied as part of a kit 200 that includes, together with the device26, a usage key card 202. The kit 200 packages the device 26 a/26 b andusage key card 202 as a unitary, single use item in a sterile fashionwithin peripherally sealed sheets of plastic film material that are tornor peeled away at the instance of use.

The presence of the device 26 a/26 b and user key card 200 packagedtogether in the kit 200 verifies to the physician or user that device 26a/26 b is sterile and has not be subjected to prior use. The physicianor user is thereby assured that the device 26 a/26 b meets establishedperformance and sterility specifications. No unused device 26 a/26 b issupplied in the kit 200 without a usage key card 202, and vice versa.

The usage key card 202 for each device 26 a/26 b incorporates a storagemedium 204 that is readable by the module 64. The storage medium 204contains information that enables at least three use control andmonitoring functions.

The first use control and monitoring function of the usage key card 202occurs prior to use of the selected device 26 a/26 b in association withthe generator 38. To enable use of the generator 38 in association withthe selected device 26 a/26 b, the physician must first present theusage key card 202 for reading by the module 64. To enable use of theselected device 26 a/26 b, the controller 52 must then find that theusage key card 202 meets the criteria necessary for its registration bythe controller 52. The criteria are designed to indicate the absence ofa prior use, either in absolute terms or in terms of a period of useoutside a predetermined time period. If the criteria are not met, thecontroller 52 will not register the usage key card 202, and thecontroller 52 will also not enable use of the generator 38 inassociation with the selected device 26 a/26 b. Further details of theregistration function of the controller 52 will be described later.

The second use control and monitoring function occurs if the criteriaare met and registration of the usage key card 202 occurs. The seconduse control and monitoring function identifies the particular type ofdevice 26 a/26 b that has been selected for use. The second use andcontrol function conditions the controller 52 to implement only thosecontrol algorithms and operator interface displays particular to theselected device 26 a/26 b. Further details of this control aspect willbe described later.

The third use control and monitoring function of the usage key card 202occurs during permitted use of the selected device 26//26 b inassociation with the generator 38. During permitted use, the storagemedium 204 of the usage key card 202 remains in the module 64 andreceives, via the module 64, data generated by the controller 52recording operating parameters and performance of the selected device 26a/26 b. The storage medium 204 of the usage key card 202 retains andorganizes the data for further off-line storage and processing. Furtherdetails of the data retention function will be described later.

The usage key card 202 can be variously configured. In the illustratedembodiment (see FIG. 8), the usage key card 202 comprises acomputer-readable storage medium 204 housed within a conventional 3.5inch floppy disk 206. In this arrangement, the module 64 comprises aconventional floppy disk drive 208 (see FIG. 9) capable of reading datafrom and downloading data to the storage medium 204 of the disk 206.

Alternatively, the usage key card 202 can take the form of a PC card,flash memory device, or magnetic card. In these alternative embodiments,the module 64 comprises a data reading and writing device compatiblewith the storage medium of the card 202.

As FIG. 8 shows, the storage medium 204 of the usage key card 202contains at least three pre-formatted files 210, 226, and 212. The firstfile 210 contains a unique identification code 214 capable of being readby the module 64 and registered by the controller 52. The second file226 contains another identification code that specifies the particulartype of device 26 a/26 b that has been selected, which thereby indicatesthe desired treatment protocol that has been selected. The third file212 is formatted to receive and retain operational and performance datagenerated by the controller 52 to create from it a procedure log 220.

The identification code 214 contained in the first file 210 is createdto be unique to the particular usage key card 202. That is, each usagekey card 202 contains its own unique identification code 214. No twousage key cards share the same identification code 214. The uniqueidentification code 214 can comprise, e.g., a serial number uniquelyassigned to the particular device 26 a/26 b found in the kit 200, or anyother unique code that is not repeated for any other usage key card 202.The code 214 itself can comprise letters, numbers, or combinationsthereof.

As FIG. 9 shows, the module 64 reads the identification code 214 off theusage key card 202 for input to the controller 52. This identificationcode will be called the “instant identification code.”

Following pre-programmed rules, the controller 54 constructs andmaintains in non-volatile memory a use table 216. The use table 216contains all prior identification codes that meet the criteria to beregistered by the controller 52. These identification codes will becalled the “registered identification codes.”

Following pre-programmed rules, the controller 52 compares the instantidentification code 214 to all registered identification codes containedin the table 216. In the absence of a match between the instantidentification code and any registered identification code, thecontroller 52 updates the table, i.e., the controller registers theinstant identification code by adding it to the table 216. Uponregistering the usage key card 202, the controller 52 also enables useof generator 38 in association with the selected device 26 a/26 b.

The presence of a match between the instant identification code and anyregistered identification code indicates the usage key card 202 has beenpreviously read by the module 64, which reflects a prior use of theselected device 26 a/26 b or another device not packaged with the card202. In this circumstance, the controller 52 does not add the duplicateidentification code to the table 216 and does not enable use of thegenerator 38 in association with any device 26. Preferably, thecontroller 52 outputs to the GUI 54 notice of prior use.

In an alternative arrangement, the controller 52 maintains for eachregistered identification code in the table 216 a time record 218. Thetime record 218 contains a value reflecting the period of time duringwhich energy was applied by the generator 38 during the previouspermitted use. In this embodiment, when a match occurs between theinstant identification code and a registered identification code, thecontroller 52 ascertains whether the time period of previous usecontained in the record 218 is less than a prescribed maximum timeperiod, e.g., 45 minutes. If so, the controller 52 enables a subsequentoperation of the generator 38 in association with the device 26, butonly for the time period remaining. The controller 52 updates the timerecord 218 as further use occurs. The controller 52 preferably outputsto the GUI the time period of permitted use remaining.

If the controller 52 ascertains that the time period of previous useequals or exceeds the prescribed maximum time period, the controller 52does not enable use of the generator 38. Preferably, the controller 52outputs to the GUI notice of prior use.

As FIG. 8 shows, the second file 226 contained in the storage medium 204of the usage key card 202 is created to uniquely identify the particularconfiguration and intended use of the device 26 a or 26 b that has beenselected. The file 226 contains a first identification code 228 a ifdevice 26 a has been selected. The file 226 contains a secondidentification code 228 b if device 26 b has been selected. The codes228 a and 228 b can comprise letters, numbers, or combinations thereof.

The codes 228 a/228 b can identify the type of device 26 a/26 b in termsof its operational characteristics, the inclusion of temperaturesensing, and reuse criteria (e.g., no reuse after a single use, ormultiple uses permitted up a prescribed maximum number of uses, ormultiple uses permitted up to a maximum time period of use, or multipleuses permitted up to a maximum application of RF energy). In onearrangement, the controller 52 can compare the device characteristicswith the operational characteristics of the controller 52 and generator38, and disable operation of the device 26 should the characteristics ofthe device 26 be incompatible with the characteristics of the controller52 and/or generator 38.

Once the criteria for registration of the usage key card 202 are met,the module 64 reads the identification code 228 a or 228 b off the usagekey card 202 for input to the controller 52. Following pre-programmedrules, the controller 54 implements only those particular controlalgorithms intended for the selected device 26 a/26 b. As will bedescribed in greater detail later, the controller 52 can, in response toreading the identification code 228 a or 228 b also condition the GUI 54to display the desired images and data formats, which change dependingupon the treatment procedure using the selected device 26 a/26 b (e.g,treatment of GERD using the device 26 a or the treatment of fecalincontinence using the device 26 b). Thus, the system 10 accommodatesdifferent control schemes and different graphical interfaces in supportof different treatment protocols.

As FIG. 8 shows, the third file 212 contained on the storage medium 204of the usage key card 202 is formatted to receive, via the module 64,data that is generated by the controller 52 during permitted use of theselected device 26 a/26 b in association with the generator 38. The file212 retains the data in a formatted array according to pre-programmedrules to create a procedure log 220 (see FIG. 10).

The content of the formatted log 220 can vary. For example, the log 220can document, by date of treatment and number of treatments, thecoagulation level (i.e., the depth at which the electrodes areinserted), the time duration of energy application, the magnitude ofenergy delivered by each electrode, and the coolant flow rate. Theprocedure log 220 can also record at pre-established intervals (e.g.,every 5 seconds) the temperatures of the electrodes and surroundingtissue, along other parameters, e.g., sensed impedance and powerdelivered by each electrode.

The procedure log 220 preferably records these values in a pre-formatteddata base format, to enable import of the values as data base items forstorage, processing, and retrieval by an off-line data processing device222 having a compatible data base processing application. The off-linedata processing device 222 reads processing log data from the usage keycard 202 (via a floppy disk drive 230 or otherwise compatible readingdevice).

The device 222 can process the data in various ways according to therules of the data processing application. The device 222 can, e.g.,create a print-formatted record of the procedure log 220 for printing ina hard copy version. The device 222 can also, e.g., process theprocedure logs for multiple devices and patients, to create historicalpatient treatment records, patient reimbursement records, and the likefor storage or retrieval. The device 222 thereby makes possible theestablishment and maintenance of an archival patient data base byprocessing individual procedure logs.

As FIG. 7 shows, the kit 200 can also include a label 224 that ispre-applied or that can be applied by the physician to the usage keycard 202. The label 224 receives manually transcribed, visually readableinformation pertaining to the usage key card 202, e.g., the name of thepatient being treated by the device 26, the date of treatment, and thelike. In this way, usage key cards 202 can itself be physically storedand indexed.

As FIG. 7 also shows, the kit 200 can also include instructions 232 forusing the usage key card 202 in the fashion described. For example, theinstructions 232 can instruct the physician as to the need for havingthe usage key card 202 read by the module 64, in order to enable use ofthe device 26 in association with the generator 38. The instructions 232can also instruct the physician regarding the content of the procedurelog and the subsequent off-line processing options that are available.

Further details regarding the usage key card 202 can be found inco-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/574,704, filed May 18,2000, and entitled “Graphical User Interface for Monitoring andControlling Use of Medical Devices,” which is incorporated herein byreference.

IV. System Operation

In the illustrated embodiment (see FIGS. 11A and 11B), the radiofrequency generator 38, the controller 52 with I/O device 54, and thefluid delivery apparatus 44 (e.g., for the delivery of cooling liquid)are integrated within a single housing 400. The I/O device 54 includesinput connectors 402, 404, and 406. The connector 402 accepts anelectrical connector 408, to which the selected treatment device 26 a/26b is electrically coupled for use. The connector 404 accepts anelectrical connector 410 coupled to a patch electrode 412 (formono-polar operation). The connector 406 accepts an pneumatic connector414 coupled to a conventional foot pedal 416, when, when depressed,causes the delivery of radio frequency energy to the electrodes 66 onthe device 26. These connectors 402, 404, and 406 couple these externaldevices to the controller 52.

The I/O device 54 also couples the controller 52 to an array of membranekeypads 422 and other indicator lights on the housing 400, for enteringand indicating parameters governing the operation of the controller 52.

In the illustrated embodiment, as shown in FIG. 12, the keypads 422 andindicators include:

1. Standby/Ready Button 430, which allows switching from one mode ofoperation to another, as will be described later.

2. Standby/Ready Indicator 432, which displays a green light after thedevice 400 passes a self test upon start up.

3. RF On Indicator 434, which displays a blue light when radio frequencyenergy is being delivered.

4. Fault Indicator 436, which displays a red light when an internalerror has been detected. No radio frequency energy can be delivered whenthe Fault Indicator 436 is illuminated.

5. Target Duration Keys 438, which allow increases and decreases in thetarget power duration at the start or during the course of a procedure.

6. Target Temperature Keys 440, which allow increases and decreases inthe target temperature at the start or during the course of a procedure.

7. Maximum Power Keys 442, which allow increases and decreases in themaximum power setting at the start or during the course of a procedure.

8. Channel Selection Keys 444, which allow selection of any or all powerchannels.

9. Coagulation Level Keys 446, which manually increases and decreasesthe magnitude of the indicated depth of insertion of the electrodes ofthe device 26 a within the esophagus. This depth is determined, e.g., byvisually gauging the measured markings along the length of the cathetertube of the treatment device 26 a. Alternatively, the coagulation levelcan be automatically detected by, e.g., placing optical, mechanical, ormagnetic sensors on an associated mouth piece inserted into theesophagus, which detect and differentiate among the measured markingsalong the catheter tube of the treatment device 26 a to read themagnitude of the depth of insertion.

10. Flow Rate and Priming Keys 448, which allow for selection of threeinternally calibrated flow rates, low (e.g., 15 ml/min), medium (e.g.,30 ml/min), and high (e.g., 45 ml/min). Pressing and holding the “Up”key activates the pump at a high flow rate for priming, overruling theother flow rates until the “Up” key is released.

The I/O device 54 also couples the controller 52 to a displaymicroprocessor 474 (see FIG. 11A). In the illustrated embodiment, themicroprocessor 474 comprises, e.g., a dedicated Pentium7□based centralprocessing unit.

The controller 52 transmits data to the microprocessor 474, and themicroprocessor 474 acknowledges correct receipt of the data and formatsthe data for meaningful display to the physician. In the illustratedembodiment, the dedicated display microprocessor 474 exerts no controlover the controller 52.

In the illustrated embodiment, the controller 52 comprises an 68HC11processor having an imbedded operating system. Alternatively, thecontroller 52 can comprise another style of processor, and the operatingsystem can reside as process software on a hard drive coupled to theCPU, which is down loaded to the CPU during system initialization andstartup.

The display microprocessor 474 is coupled to a graphics display monitor420 in the housing 400. The controller 52 implements through the displaymicroprocessor 474 the graphical user interface, or GUI, which isdisplayed on the display monitor 420.

The GUI can be realized, e.g., as a VISUAL BASICJ language programimplemented by the microprocessor 474 using the MS WINDOWSJ or NTapplication and the standard WINDOWS 32 API controls, e.g., as providedby the WINDOWSJ Development Kit, along with conventional graphicssoftware disclosed in public literature.

The display microprocessor 474 is also itself coupled to the floppy diskdrive 426, previously described as floppy disk module 208 (FIG. 9). Thedisplay microprocessor 474 can also be coupled to a keyboard, printer,and include one or more parallel port links and one or more conventionalserial RS-232C port links or Ethernet™ communication links.

The graphics display monitor 420 can comprise an active matrix LCDdisplay screen located between the membrane keypads 422 and otherindicators on the front panel. The GUI 424 is implemented by showing onthe monitor 420 basic screen displays.

In the illustrated embodiment, these displays signify four differentoperating modes: Start-Up, Standby, Ready, RF-On, and Pause.

A. Start-up: Monitoring and Controlling Reuse

Upon boot-up of the CPU (see FIG. 13), the operating system implementsthe START-UP function 510 for the GUI 424. The GUI 424 displays anappropriate start-up logo and title image (not shown), while thecontroller 52 performs a self-test.

Upon completion of the START-UP function (see FIG. 13), the controller52 conducts a CHECK function 512. The function 512 checks for thepresence of a usage key card 202 in the floppy disk drive 426. As beforedescribed, a valid usage key card 202 is a prerequisite for using agiven treatment device 26.

The absence of a usage key card 202 causes the controller 52 to commandthe display microprocessor 474 to generate a SETUP prompt 500 on thegraphics display monitor 420. FIG. 14 shows a representative SETUPprompt 500. When graphically implemented, as shown in FIG. 14, the SETUPprompt 500 leads the operator in a step-wise fashion through the tasksrequired to enable use of the generator 38. A first graphic fielddisplays one or more icons and/or alpha-numeric indicia 502 that promptthe operator to connect the electrical connector 42 of the treatmentdevice 26 to the connector cable 408. A second graphic field displaysone or more icons and/or alpha-numeric indicia 504 that prompt theoperator to insert a valid user key card 202 (i.e., floppy disk). Athird graphic field displays one or more icons and/or alpha-numericindicia 506 that prompt the user to select the standby-ready button 430on the housing 400 (see FIG. 12).

With the selected treatment device 26 a/26 b connected and a user keycard 202 inserted in the floppy disk drive 426, and the standby-readybutton 430 pressed, the controller 52 reads the device identificationcode 228 a or 228 b on the user key card 202. In this way, thecontroller 52 ascertains which device 26 a or 26 b has been selected foruse. Based upon this input, the controller 52 proceeds to execute thepreprogrammed control and graphical GUI command functions for the device26 a and 26 b that the user key card 202 indicates has been selected.

If the identification code 228 a is registered, the GUI 424 displays anappropriate start-up logo and title image for the device 26 a. Likewise,if the identification code 228 b is registered, the GUI 424 displays anappropriate start-up logo and title image for the device 26 b.

After the start-up logo and title image for the selected device 26 a/26b has been displayed, the controller 52 remains in the STAND-BY mode 508(see FIG. 15). In the STAND-BY mode 508, the controller 52 performs aDEVICE HARDWARE CHECK function 540. The same DEVICE HARDWARE CHECKfunction 540 is performed regardless of the device 26 a/26 b selected.The DEVICE HARDWARE CHECK function 540 looks for the presence or absenceof a preestablished electrical identification signal from the device 26a/26 b itself, to confirm by a different mechanism the identity of thedevice 26 a/26 b indicated by the user key card 202.

The DEVICE HARDWARE CHECK function 540 can be accomplished is variousways. For example, the device 26 a and 26 b can include within itshandle an analog electrical element (e.g., a capacitor or resistor) or asolid state element (micro-chip, ROM, EEROM, EPROM, or non volatile RAM)that generates an electrical value that differs depending upon thedevice 26 a or 26 b is present. The controller 52 reads this electricalvalue through the electrical connector 408, to which the selectedtreatment device 26 a/26 b is coupled for use. The DEVICE HARDWARE CHECKfunction 540 provides a redundant, fail safe confirmation of theidentification of the device 26 a/26 b provided by the user key card202. If the identity of the device 26 a/26 b based upon the DEVICEHARDWARE CHECK function 540 does not correspond with the identity of thedevice 26 a/26 b based upon the user key card 202, the controller 52returns to the SETUP prompt 500 (FIG. 14) described earlier, to repeatthe identification process.

If the identification of the device 26 a/26 b based upon the user keycard 202 and DEVICE HARDWARE CHECK function 540 correspond, thecontroller 52 executes the REGISTRATION function 514 for the device 26a/26 b (see FIG. 15), to determine whether the user key card 202inserted in the drive 426 contains a valid identification code 214. Thesame REGISTRATION function 514 is performed regardless of the device 26a/26 b selected.

The identification code 214 will not be deemed valid when the codealready exists in the use table 216 of the controller 52 with a timerecord 218 equal to or greater than the prescribed maximum, therebyindicating a completed prior use of the selected device 26 a/26 b. Whenthe identification code 214 is not valid, the REGISTRATION function 514commands the display microprocessor 474 to generate an EXCHANGE prompt516 on the graphics display monitor 420. FIG. 16 shows a representativeEXCHANGE prompt 516. When graphically implemented, as shown in FIG. 16,the EXCHANGE prompt 516 leads the operator in a step-wise fashionthrough the tasks of replacing the previously used selected device 26a/26 b and its key card 202 with a new selected device 26 a/26 b and itsassociated key card 202.

As shown in FIG. 16, a first graphic field displays one or more iconsand/or alpha-numeric indicia 518 that prompt the operator to disconnectthe electrical connector 42 of the previously used treatment device 26a/26 b and to connect a new treatment device 26 a/26 b. A second graphicfield displays one or more icons and/or alpha-numeric indicia 520 thatprompt the operator to remove the old user key card 202 and insert thenew key card 202 that accompanied the new selected treatment device 26a/26 b in the kit 200. A third graphic field displays one or more iconsand/or alpha-numeric indicia 522 that prompt the user to again selectthe standby-ready button 430 on the housing 400.

With the new treatment device 26 connected and the new user key card 202inserted in the floppy disk drive 426, selection of the standby-readybutton 430 causes the controller 52 to again enter the STAND-BY mode508, and again execute the DEVICE HARDWARE CHECK function 540 and theREGISTRATION function 514 (see FIG. 15).

Successful completion of the DEVICE HARDWARE CHECK function 540 and theREGISTRATION function 514, confirming the type of device 26 a/26 b andindicating the presence of a valid identification code 214 on the usercard 202, causes the controller 52 to enter the READY mode 524.

B. Controlling Deployment and Use of the Selected Device

Upon completion of the START-UP operation, and successful registrationof the usage key card 202, the controller 52 proceeds to condition thegenerator and ancillary equipment to proceed step-wise through asequence of operational modes. The operational modes have beenpreprogrammed to achieve the treatment protocol and objective of theselected device 26 a/26 b. The conduct of these operational modes andthe appearance of the graphical user interface that guides and informsthe user during the course of the selected procedure can differ betweendevices 26 a and 26 b.

For ease of description, the GUI displays for the uppergastro-intestinal procedure (i.e., for the device 26 a) will inshorthand be generally called UGUI (which are shown in FIGS. 12 and 17to 24). Likewise, the GUI displays for the lower gastro-intestinalprocedure (i.e., for the device 26 b) will in shorthand be generallycalled LGUI (which are shown in FIGS. 25 to 30).

1. Standby

When the device identification code 228 a is read on the usage key card202 (i.e., indicating selection of the device 26 a for use in the uppergastro-intestinal tract), the controller 52 conditions the UGUI todisplay the Standby screen shown in FIG. 17. When the deviceidentification code 228 b is read on the usage key card 202 (i.e.,indicating selection of the device 26 b for use in the lowergastro-intestinal tract), the controller 52 conditions the LGUI todisplay the Standby screen shown in FIG. 25.

No radio frequency energy can be delivered while the Standby screen isdisplayed.

There are various icons common to the Standby, Ready, RF-On, and Pausescreens for both UGUI and LGUI.

In the Standby screen for UGUI, a Screen Icon 450 appears in the upperleft hand corner to indicate the operating condition of the treatmentdevice 26 a. In the UGUI, the icon 450 also indicates the position ofthe treatment device inside or outside the esophagus. In the Standbyscreen for the LGUI (see FIG. 25), the Screen Icon 450 is displayed inthe lower left hand corner, to indicate the operating condition of thetreatment device 26 b.

While in the Standby Mode, the physician can couple the source ofcooling liquid to the appropriate port on the handle of the device 26a/26 b (as previously described) and load the tubing leading from thesource of cooling liquid (e.g., a bag containing sterile water) in thepump rotor 428. The physician can also couple the aspiration source 46to the appropriate port on the handle of the treatment device 26 a/26 b(as also already described). The physician can also couple the patchelectrode 412 and foot pedal 416.

In UGUI(FIG. 17), there are also parameter icons designating targetduration 452, target temperature 454, maximum power 456, channelselection 458, coagulation level 460, and flow rate/priming 462. Theseicons are aligned with, respectively, the corresponding Target DurationKeys 438, Target Temperature Keys 440, Maximum Power Keys 442, ChannelSelection Keys 444, Coagulation Level Keys 446, and Flow Rate andPriming Keys 448. The icons 452 to 462 indicate current selectedparameter values. The flow rate/priming icon 462 shows the selected pumpspeed by highlighting a single droplet image (low speed), a doubledroplet image (medium speed), and a triple droplet image (high speed).

In LGUI (FIG. 25), comparable parameter icons appear, except thatcoagulation level icon 460 in the UGUI is replaced in the LGUI by a RFcycle counter icon 461. The icon 461 displays a value that counts thenumber of RF cycles applied to the device 26 b during use. Knowing thenumber of electrodes that the device 26 b carries, this value isindicative of the number of lesions that are being formed.

Pressing the “Up” priming key 448 in the Standby mode, to cause coolingliquid to flow through the treatment device 26 a, causes an animatedpriming stream PS to be displayed in the icon 450 (shown in FIG. 21) ofthe UGUI. An animated priming stream PS (see FIG. 26) is displayed inthe flow rate/priming icon 462 of the LGUI when the device 26 b isprimed in the Standby mode. In other modes, animated priming streams PSare displayed in the Screen Icon 450 in UGUI (see FIGS. 21, 22, and 23)and LGUI (see FIGS. 28 and 29) whenever the pump rotor 428 is operating,to indicate the supply of cooling fluid through the respective treatmentdevice 26 a and 26 b.

In both UGUI (FIG. 17) and LGUI (FIG. 25), there is also a floppy diskicon 464. The icon 464 is illuminated when a floppy disk is inserted inthe drive 426. When the floppy disk (e.g., the usage key card 202) isinserted in the drive 426 data can be saved automatically after eachapplication of radio frequency energy (as will be described later).

There is also an Electrode Icon 466 in each display UGUI and LGUI. TheElectrode Icon 466 comprises an idealized graphical image, whichspatially models the particular multiple electrode geometry of thetreatment device 26 a/26 b selected to be deployed. The form of theElectrode Icon 466 is another way the controller 52 differentiates theUGUI and LGUI.

As FIG. 17 shows, in the UGUI, four electrodes are shown in the graphicimage of the Icon 466, which are spaced apart by 90 degrees. Thisgraphic image is patterned after the geometry of the four-electrodeconfiguration of the device 26 a, as shown in FIG. 4.

As FIG. 25 shows, in the LGUI, the four electrodes are shown in thegraphic image of Icon 466 in a circumferentially spaced relationshipalong a partial arcuate sector. This graphic image is patterned afterthe arrangement of electrodes on the treatment device 26 b, as shown inFIG. 6.

For each electrode, the Icon 466 presents in a spatial display themagnitude of tip temperature as actually sensed in outside box B1 inUGUI (FIG. 17) and in outside oval O1 in LGUI (FIG. 25). The magnitudeof tissue temperatures as actually sensed are also displayed in insidebox B2 in UGUI (FIG. 17) and in inside oval O2 in LGUI (FIG. 25). Untila functional treatment device 26 a/26 b is connected, two dashes willappear in the boxes B1/B2 (see FIG. 17) and the ovals O1/O2. Thecontroller 52 prohibits advancement to the Ready screen until numericvalues register in the boxes B1/B2 or ovals O1/O2, as FIG. 18 and FIG.25 show, respectively. The display of numeric values indicate that afunctional treatment device 26 a/26 b is present.

No boxes B1/B2 or ovals O1/O2 will appear in the Icon 466 for a givenelectrode if the corresponding electrode/channel has been disabled usingthe Channel Selection Keys 444, as FIG. 19 shows. In the illustratedembodiment, the physician is able to manually select or deselectindividual electrodes using the Selection Keys 444 in the Standby orReady Modes, but not in the RF-On Mode. However, the controller 52 canbe configured to allow electrode selection while in the RF-On Mode, ifdesired.

The physician can now deploy the treatment device 26 a/26 b to thetargeted tissue region. Once deployed, the physician extends theelectrodes through mucosal tissue and into underlying smooth muscle, asFIG. 32 shows for the device 26 a and FIG. 33 shows for the device 26 b.

Once the treatment device 26 a/26 b is located at the desired locationand the electrodes are deployed, the physician presses the Standby/ReadyButton 430 to advance the controller 52 from Standby to Ready Mode.

2. Ready

In the Ready Mode, the controller 52 commands the generator 38 to applybursts of low level radio frequency energy through each electrodeselected for operation. Based upon the transmission of these low levelbursts of energy by each electrode, the controller 52 derives a localimpedance value for each electrode. The impedance value indicateswhether or nor the given electrode is in desired contact withsubmucosal, smooth muscle tissue.

As FIG. 20 shows, the Ready screen updates the Screen Icon 450 of theUGUI to indicate that the treatment device 26 a is connected anddeployed in the patient's esophagus. The Ready screen of the UGUI alsointermittently blinks the RF On Indicator 434 (see FIG. 12) to indicatethat bursts of radio frequency energy are being applied by theelectrodes. The Ready screen also updates the Electrode Icon 466 tospatially display in the inside and outside boxes B1 and B2 the actualsensed temperature conditions. The Ready screen also adds a furtheroutside box B3 to spatially display the derived impedance value for eachelectrode.

In the LGUI (see FIG. 27), the Ready screen intermittently blinks aportion of the image in the icon 450 to indicate that bursts of radiofrequency energy are being applied by the electrodes. The Ready screenalso updates the Electrode Icon 466 to spatially display in the insideand outside ovals O1 and O2 the actual sensed temperature conditions.The Ready screen also adds a further outside oval O3 to spatiallydisplay the derived impedance value for each electrode.

On the Ready screen for both UGUI and LGUI, instantaneous, sensedtemperature readings from the tip electrode and tissue surface, as wellas impedance values, are continuously displayed in spatial relation tothe electrodes (in the boxes B1, B2, and B3 in UGUI (FIG. 20) and in theovals O1, O2, and O3 in LGUI (FIG. 27)). An “acceptable” color indicator(e.g., green) is also displayed in the background of box B1/oval O1 aslong as the tip temperature reading is within the desiredpre-established temperature range (e.g., 15 to 120 C). However, if thetip temperature reading is outside the desired range, the colorindicator changes to an “undesirable” color indicator (e.g., to white),and two dashes appear in box B1/oval O1 instead of numeric values.

The controller 52 prevents the application of radio frequency energy ifany temperature reading is outside a selected range (e.g., 15 to 120degrees C.).

By touching the Target Duration Keys 438, the Target Temperature Keys440, the Maximum Power Keys 442, the Channel Selection Keys 444, theCoagulation Level Keys 446, and the Flow Rate and Priming Keys 448 (seeFIG. 12), the physician can affect changes to the parameter values forthe intended procedure. The controller 52 automatically adjusts to takethese values into account in its control algorithms. The correspondingtarget duration icon 452, target temperature icon 454, maximum powericon 456, channel selection icon 458, coagulation level icon 460, andflow rate/priming icon 462 change accordingly in the UGUI and LGUI toindicate the current selected parameter values.

When the physician is ready to apply energy to the targeted tissueregion to begin treatment, the physician presses the foot pedal 416. Inresponse, the controller 52 advances from Ready to RF-On Mode, providedthat all sensed temperatures are within the selected range.

3. RF-On

When the foot pedal 416 is pressed, the controller 52 activates the pumprotor 428. Cooling liquid is conveyed through the treatment device 26a/26 b into contact with mucosal tissue at the targeted site. At thesame time, cooling liquid is aspirated from the treatment device 26 a/26b in an open loop. During a predetermined, preliminary time period (e.g.2 to 5 seconds) while the flow of cooling liquid is established at thesite, the controller 52 prevents the application of radio frequencyenergy.

After the preliminary time period, the controller 52 applies radiofrequency energy through the electrodes. The RF-On screen is displayedin the UGUI (FIG. 22) and LGUI (FIG. 28).

The RF-On screen in both the UGUI (FIG. 22) and LGUI (FIG. 28) displaysthe Screen Icon 450, indicate that the treatment device 26 a/26 b isconnected and deployed. In the LGUI (FIG. 28), the Screen Icon 450 alsoshows the extension of electrodes, to differentiate the RF-On Screenfrom the Ready Screen (FIG. 27). The flow drop animation PS also appearsin both UGUI (FIG. 22) and LGUI (FIG. 28), indicating that cooling istaking place. A flashing radio wave animation RW also appears in bothUGUI (FIG. 22) and LGUI (FIG. 28), indicating that radio frequencyenergy is being applied. The RF On Indicator 434 (FIG. 12) is alsocontinuously illuminated to indicate that radio frequency energy isbeing applied by the electrodes. FIG. 12 shows the RF-On screen of theUGUI.

In both UGUI (FIG. 22) and LGUI (FIG. 28), the RF-On screen also updatesthe Electrode Icon 466 to display in the boxes B1/ovals O1 the actualsensed tip temperature conditions. In both UGUI and LGUI, the RF-Onscreen also displays the derived impedance value for each electrode inthe boxes B3/ovals O3.

In both UGUI (FIG. 22) and LGUI (FIG. 28), unlike the Ready or Standbyscreens, the surface temperature is no longer displayed in a numericalformat in boxes B2/ovals O2. Instead, a circle C1 is displayed in bothUGUI and LGUI, which is color coded to indicate whether the surfacetemperature is less than the prescribed maximum (e.g., 45 degrees C.).If the surface temperature is below the prescribed maximum, the circleC1 is colored an “acceptable” color, e.g., green. If the surfacetemperature is exceeds the prescribed maximum, the color of the circleC1 changes to an “not acceptable” color, e.g., to red.

Likewise, in addition to displaying numeric values in UGUI (FIG. 22) andLGUI (FIG. 28), the boxes B1 and B3/ovals O1 and O3 are also color codedto indicate compliance with prescribed limits. If the tip temperature isbelow the prescribed maximum (e.g., 100 degrees C.), the box B1/oval O1is colored, e.g., green. If the tip temperature is exceeds theprescribed maximum, the box border thickens and the color of the boxB1/oval O1 changes, e.g., to red. If the impedance is within prescribedbounds (e.g., between 25 ohms and 1000 ohms), the box B3/oval O3 iscolored, e.g., grey. If the impedance is outside the prescribed bounds,the box border thickens and the color of the box B3/oval O3 changes,e.g., to red.

If desired, in either or both UGUI and LGUI, the Electrode Icon 466 canalso display in a box or circle the power being applied to eachelectrode in spatial relation to the idealized image.

In both UGUI (FIG. 22) and LGUI (FIG. 28), the RF-On screen displays thetarget duration icon 452, target temperature icon 454, maximum powericon 456, channel selection icon 458, coagulation level icon 460 (or, inLGUI, the RF cycle icon 461), and flow rate/priming icon 462, indicatingthe current selected parameter values. The physician can alter thetarget duration or target temperature or maximum power and pump flowrate through the corresponding selection keys 438, 440, 442, and 448(see FIG. 12) on the fly, and the controller 52 and respective UGUI andLGUI instantaneously adjust to the new parameter settings. As beforementioned, in the illustrated embodiment, the controller 52 does notpermit change of the channel/electrode while radio frequency energy isbeing applied, and, for this reason, the channel selection icon 458 isdimmed.

Unlike the Standby and Ready screens, the RF-On screen in both UGUI(FIG. 22) and LGUI (FIG. 28) also displays a real time line graph 468 toshow changes to the temperature profile (Y-axis) over time (X-axis). Inboth UGUI (FIG. 22) and LGUI (FIG. 28), the RF-On screen also shows arunning clock icon 470, which changes appearance to count toward thetarget duration. In the illustrated embodiment, a digital clock displayCD is also shown, indicating elapsed time.

The line graph 468 in both UGUI (FIG. 22) and LGUI (FIG. 28) displaysfour trending lines to show the minimum and maximum surface and tiptemperature readings from all active electrodes. In the illustratedembodiment, the time axis (X-axis) is scaled to one of five pre-setmaximum durations, depending upon the set target duration. For example,if the target duration is 0 to 3 minutes, the maximum time scale is 3:30minutes. If the target duration is 3 to 6 minutes, the maximum timescale is 6:30 seconds, and so on.

The line graph 468 displays two background horizontal bars HB1 and HB2of different colors. The upper bar HB1 is colored, e.g., green, and iscentered to the target coagulation temperature with a spread of plus andminus 10 degrees C. The lower bar HB2 is colored, e.g., red, and isfixed at a prescribed maximum (e.g., 40 degrees C.) to alert potentialsurface overheating.

In both UGUI (see FIG. 23) and LGUI (see FIG. 29), the line graph 468also displays a triangle marker TM of a selected color (e.g., red) andwith a number corresponding to the channel/electrode that isautomatically turned off by the controller 52 due to operation outsidethe selected parameters. As before described, the circle C1 and boxes B1and B3/ovals O1 and O3 for this electrode/channel are also modified inthe electrode icon 466 when this situation occurs.

The Electrode Icon 466 can graphically display other types of status orconfiguration information pertinent to the treatment device 26 a/26 b.For example, the Electrode Icon 466 can display a flashing animation inspatial relation to the idealized electrodes to constantly remind thephysician that the electrode is extended into tissue.

The flashing animation ceases to be shown when the electrode isretracted. The flashing animation reminds the physician to retract theelectrodes before removing the treatment device 26 a/26 b. As anotherexample, the Electrode Icon 466 can display another flashing animationwhen the expandable structure of the treatment device 26 a is expanded.The flashing animation reminds the physician to collapse the electrodesbefore removing the treatment device 26 a.

4. Pause

For the UGUI (FIG. 24) and the LGUI (FIG. 30), the controller 52terminates the conveyance of radio frequency ablation energy to theelectrodes and the RF-On screen changes into the Pause screen, due toany of the following conditions (i) target duration is reached, (ii) allchannels/electrodes have an erroneous coagulation condition (electrodeor surface temperature or impedance out of range), or (iii) manualtermination of radio frequency energy application by pressing the footpedal 416 or the Standby/Ready Button 430.

Upon termination of radio frequency ablation energy, the running clockicon 470 of the Pause screen of the UGUI (FIG. 24) and the LGUI (FIG.30) stops to indicate total elapsed time. The controller 52 commands thecontinued supply of cooling liquid through the treatment device 26 a/26b into contact with mucosal tissue at the targeted site. At the sametime, cooling liquid is aspirated from the treatment device 26 a/26 b inan open loop. This flow of cooling liquid continues for a predeterminedtime period (e.g. 2 to 5 seconds) after the supply of radio frequencyablation energy is terminated, after which the controller 52 stops thepump rotor 428.

The Pause screen for the UGUI (FIG. 24) and LGUI (FIG. 30) is in mostrespects similar to the RF-On screen for the respective device 26 a/26b. In the UGUI (FIG. 24), the Pause screen displays the Screen Icon 450,to indicate that the treatment device 26 a is connected and deployed inthe patient's esophagus. However, the flashing radio wave animation isnot present, indicating that radio frequency energy is no longer beingapplied. In the LGUI (FIG. 30), the Screen Icon 450 is blanked.

The Pause screen for the UGUI (FIG. 24) also updates the Electrode Icon466 to display in the boxes B1 and B3 the actual sensed tip temperatureand impedance conditions. However, no background color changes areregistered on the Pause screen, regardless of whether the sensedconditions are without or outside the prescribed ranges. In the LGUI(FIG. 30), no values are displayed in the ovals O1 and O3.

The Pause screen for the UGUI (FIG. 24) and the LGUI (FIG. 30) continuesto display the target duration icon 452, target temperature icon 454,maximum power icon 456, channel selection icon 458, coagulation levelicon 460 (or, in LGUI, the RF cycle icon 461), and flow rate/primingicon 462, indicating the current selected parameter values.

In the UGUI (FIG. 24) and LGUI (FIG. 30), the real time temperature linegraph 468 continues to display the four trending lines, until the targetduration is reached and five additional seconds elapse, to show the dropoff of electrode temperature.

If further treatment is desired, pressing the Standby/Ready button 430returns the device 400 from the Pause back to the Ready mode.

V. The Procedure Log

When the floppy disk (i.e., usage key card) is inserted in the drive426, data is saved automatically after each application of radiofrequency energy.

When the floppy disk is inserted, the controller 52 downloads data tothe disk each time it leaves the RF-On screen, either by default ormanual termination of the procedure. The downloaded data creates aprocedure log. The log documents, by date of treatment and number oftreatments, the coagulation level, the coagulation duration, energydelivered by each electrode, and the coolant flow rate. The procedurelog also records at pre-established intervals (e.g., every 5 seconds)the temperatures of the electrode tips and surrounding tissue,impedance, and power delivered by each electrode. The procedure logpreferably records these values in a spreadsheet format.

The controller 52 includes an UPDATE function 526 (see FIG. 15). TheUPDATE function 526 registers the time period during which radiofrequency energy is applied using the device 26 a/26 b. The time isentered into the time record 218 of the use table 216 maintained by thecontroller 52. After a prescribed maximum period of use is registered(e.g., sixty minutes), the UPDATE function 526 interrupts application ofradio frequency energy to the electrodes 66, and prevents furtherdelivery by the generator 38 to the particular device 26.

In this circumstance, the UPDATE function 526 causes the controller 52to generate the EXCHANGE prompt 516. As previously described, theEXCHANGE prompt 516 (see FIG. 16) requires the operator to replace theexisting device 26 and its key card 200 with a new device 26 and itsassociated key card 200.

The housing 400 can carry an integrated printer, or can be coupledthrough the I/O device 54 to an external printer. The printer prints aprocedure log in real time, as the procedure takes place.

Other details of the GUI during operation of a given device 26 a/26 bcan be found in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/305,123,filed May 4, 1999 and entitled “Graphical User Interface for Associationwith an Electrode Structure Deployed in Contact with a Tissue Region,”which is incorporated herein by reference.

Various features of the invention are set forth in the following claims.

1. A system for controlling operation of a family of treatment devicescomprising a family of treatment devices comprising at least first andsecond different treatment devices which are intended to be individuallydeployed, a controller including a connector to which a selected one ofthe first or second treatment device is coupled for use, and a reader todownload information to the controller to identify the selectedtreatment device coupled to the connector, the information comprisingfirst data containing an identification code unique to the selectedtreatment device and second data containing a functional codeidentifying a functional characteristic of the selected device, theidentification codes and the functional codes for the first and secondtreatment devices being different, the controller including a usagemonitoring function comprising a first data state prior to downloadingof the identification code and operating to process the identificationcode and enabling operation of the selected device if the identificationcode correlates in a pre-established manner with the first data state,the usage monitoring function further operating, in response to enablingoperation of the selected device, to change the first data state to asecond data state that prevents subsequent operation of the selecteddevice in response to downloading of the identification code, thecontroller also including a first or second control function enabledonly if the usage monitoring function enables operation of the selecteddevice, the first control function being enabled in response todownloading the functional code of the first treatment device and thesecond control function being enabled in response to downloading of thefunctional code of the second treatment device.
 2. A system according toclaim 1 further including a first usage key card for the first treatmentdevice and a second usage key card for the second treatment device, eachusage key card adapted to be handled separate from the respectivetreatment device and comprising a storage medium formatted to contain,for the respective treatment device, the identification code and thefunctional code that, upon reading by the reader, is downloaded to thecontroller.
 3. A system according to claim 1 wherein the usagemonitoring function causes the controller to create a table byregistering unlike identification codes in memory as they are downloadedby the reader and to enable the control function for the selectedtreatment device when a new identification code is registered in thetable.
 4. A system according to claim 3 wherein the usage monitoringfunction causes the controller to disable the first or second controlfunction for the selected treatment device when the given identificationcode matches an identification code in the table.
 5. A system accordingto claim 3 wherein the usage monitoring function causes the controllerto register in the table, a time period of use of the device.
 6. Asystem according to claim 5 wherein the usage monitoring function causesthe controller to disable the control function for the selectedtreatment device when the time period of use exceeds a prescribedperiod.
 7. A system according to claim 1 wherein the reader downloadsthrough the connector an electrical identification signal that variesaccording to the identification and functional codes of the selectedtreatment device.
 8. A system according to claim 1 wherein thecontroller includes an input adapted to be attached to a sensor carriedby the selected treatment device to monitor an operating condition.
 9. Asystem according to claim 8 wherein the sensor monitors tissuetemperature.
 10. A system according to claim 8 wherein the sensormonitors impedance.
 11. A system according to claim 8 wherein thecontroller includes an output to process the monitored operatingcondition as data for storage or manipulation.
 12. A system according toclaim 11 wherein the output communicates with a storage medium to savethe data.
 13. A system according to claim 11 wherein the outputcommunicates with a printer to print the data.
 14. A method forcontrolling operation of a family of treatment devices comprising thesteps of providing a family of treatment devices comprising at leastfirst and second different treatment devices which, in use, are intendedto be individually deployed in association with different tissueregions, selecting one of the first or second treatment device for use,connecting the selected treatment device to a unified controller havinga first control function for the first treatment device and a secondcontrol function for the second treatment device, communicating to thecontroller through a reader information relating to the selectedtreatment device coupled to the connector, the information comprisingfirst data containing an identification code unique to the selectedtreatment device and second data containing a functional codeidentifying a functional characteristic of the selected device, theidentification codes and the functional codes for the first and secondtreatment devices being different, executing a usage monitoring functionhaving a first data state prior to downloading of the identificationcode and operating to process the identification code and enablingoperation of the selected device only if the identification codecorrelates in a pre-established manner with the first data state, theusage monitoring function further operating, in response to enablingoperation of the selected device, to change the first data state to asecond data state that prevents subsequent operation of the selecteddevice in response to downloading of the identification code, enablingeither the first or second control function only if the usage monitoringfunction enables operation of the selected device, the first controlfunction being enabled in response to downloading the functional code ofthe first treatment device and the second control function being enabledin response to downloading of the functional code of the secondtreatment device, and enabling execution on a display screen of a firstgraphical interface guiding and monitoring use of the first treatmentdevice when the first control function is enabled.
 15. A methodaccording to claim 14 wherein the communicating step includes providinga first usage key card for the first treatment device and a second usagekey card for the second treatment device, each usage key card adapted tobe handled separate from the respective treatment device and comprisinga storage medium formatted to contain, for the respective treatmentdevice, the identification code and the functional code that, uponreading by the reader, is downloaded to the controller.